Digital transformation has emerged as one of the most consequential socio-technical phenomena shaping contemporary economies, organizations, and everyday life. Across sectors such as retail, manufacturing, education, energy, and logistics, digital technologies are increasingly embedded in legacy infrastructures that were never designed to support the scale, velocity, and reliability demands of today’s data-driven environments. At the same time, the environmental consequences of this transformation have become impossible to ignore, as data centers, semiconductor manufacturing, network infrastructures, and Internet of Things ecosystems place unprecedented pressure on energy systems, water resources, and material supply chains. Within this context, questions of reliability, resilience, and operational sustainability have moved from the margins to the center of both scholarly and managerial debates. Site Reliability Engineering has gained prominence as a framework for managing complex digital systems by integrating software engineering principles with operations, yet its broader implications for sustainability-oriented digital transformation remain underexplored.

This research article develops an integrative theoretical and interpretive analysis of how Site Reliability Engineering can function as a critical connective mechanism between digital transformation initiatives, legacy infrastructure modernization, and environmental sustainability goals. Drawing strictly on the provided body of literature, the article situates Site Reliability Engineering within the evolution of Industry 4.0, the expansion of data-intensive infrastructures, and the growing policy emphasis on sustainable development and climate mitigation. Particular attention is paid to the challenges faced by legacy retail and industrial systems, where reliability failures not only disrupt economic activity but also exacerbate energy inefficiencies and resource waste. By engaging deeply with existing research on digital transformation in education, manufacturing, supply chains, and environmental governance, this study demonstrates that reliability is not merely a technical attribute but a socio-technical condition with far-reaching ecological and social implications.

Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, theory-driven synthesis approach, combining critical literature analysis with conceptual integration. Rather than proposing new empirical data, the study interprets and recontextualizes existing findings to reveal overlooked connections between reliability engineering practices and sustainability outcomes. The results highlight how reliability-oriented practices such as error budgeting, automation, and observability can indirectly support environmental objectives by stabilizing system performance, reducing wasteful overprovisioning, and enabling more efficient use of digital infrastructure. The discussion advances a multi-layered theoretical framework that positions Site Reliability Engineering as an enabling capability for sustainable digital transformation, while also acknowledging its limitations, organizational barriers, and potential rebound effects.

By bridging research on digital transformation, environmental sustainability, and operational reliability, this article contributes to information management, engineering, and sustainability scholarship. It argues that future research and practice must move beyond siloed approaches and recognize reliability as a foundational element of sustainable digital systems. In doing so, the study responds to calls for more holistic analyses of technology, society, and the environment, and offers a conceptual pathway for aligning operational excellence with global sustainability imperatives.