Background: Modern supply chains operate within an environment characterized by volatility, complexity, and rapid technological change. Building supply chains that are simultaneously agile, resilient, and digitally intelligent has become an imperative across industries ranging from air cargo operations to last-mile urban deliveries (Christopher, 2000; Bombelli & Fazi, 2022). The literature contains rich but fragmented contributions on discrete elements — agility taxonomies, digital enablement, sustainable modal shifts, and empirical datasets for automation — yet a unified theoretical and operational framework that ties these elements into implementable pathways is lacking (Christopher, 2000; Costantino et al., 2012; Bamakan et al., 2021).

Methods: This paper synthesizes heterogeneous sources spanning empirical case studies, methodological contributions to agile development, technological frameworks integrating blockchain-IoT-big data, and context-specific innovations such as cargo bicycles and perpetual motion electric trucks. Using a rigorous integrative literature synthesis approach — combining conceptual mapping, comparative analysis of empirical case studies, and cross-domain theoretical elaboration — the study derives a multi-layered framework aligning strategy, operations, and digital infrastructure to support sustainable, resilient, and agile supply chains (Christopher, 2000; Bamakan et al., 2021; Gonzalez-Calderon et al., 2022).

Results: The resulting framework delineates (1) strategic principles for agility and Triple-A alignment (agility, adaptability, alignment), (2) operational modules for warehousing and last-mile logistics that embed human-in-the-loop and automated capabilities, (3) a digital intelligence stack comprising sensing, secure data fabric (blockchain), analytics, and decision automation, and (4) sustainability vectors that reconcile carbon reduction with service-level objectives through modal innovations and energy-efficient vehicle technologies (de Boer, 2018; Bamakan et al., 2021; Hunt et al., 2023; Gonzalez-Calderon et al., 2022). The framework further articulates measurement constructs and key performance indicators that balance responsiveness, cost, and environmental impact (Costantino et al., 2012; Balaji et al., 2015).

Conclusions: Integrating agility and digital intelligence provides robust pathways to resilient, low-carbon supply chains. Operationalizing this integration requires deliberate investments in data interoperability, human-centered automation in warehousing, and policy-aligned adoption of sustainable transport modes. The paper concludes with prioritized research agendas and practical implementation guidelines for managers and policymakers to accelerate transition toward agile, digitally-enabled, and sustainable supply networks (Christopher et al., 2006; Bamakan et al., 2021; Chowdhury, 2025).