Background: Maintaining the integrity of temperature-sensitive products — pharmaceuticals, vaccines, fresh produce, and certain medical supplies — across multimodal transport networks remains a primary operational and regulatory challenge. Failures in the cold chain contribute to product spoilage, therapeutic inefficacy, patient risk, financial loss, and elevated environmental footprint (IRTA/GCCA, 2017; WHO, 2015).

Objectives: This article develops a comprehensive, theory-driven framework that integrates active monitoring technologies, regulatory good distribution practices, and intelligent logistics planning to preserve product quality across storage and transport.

Methods: A synthetic, theory-centric methodology was used: (1) systematic integration of the provided references; (2) critical comparative analysis of regulatory guidance and industry white papers; and (3) development of a conceptual model uniting monitoring, qualification, operational controls, and continuous improvement. The method prioritizes rigorous textual analysis and normative mapping rather than empirical measurement, enabling a publication-ready theoretical contribution grounded in the cited literature (WHO, 2015; ORBCOMM, 2024; Envirotainer, 2019).

Results: The resulting framework articulates five interdependent domains: regulatory alignment and documentation; environmental sensing and telematics; packaging and active thermal control; operational choreography (modal selection, routing, and contingency); and governance for data integrity and continuous improvement. Implementing these domains reduces risk of temperature excursions, aligns operations with Good Distribution Practices (FDA, 2022; HPRA, 2020), and produces measurable process indicators such as excursion frequency and time-outside-range.

Discussion: The framework addresses technological, human, and institutional barriers — sensor calibration, chain-of-custody documentation, provider selection, and cost-effectiveness tradeoffs — and offers strategies for mitigation, including qualification protocols, multi-sensor redundancy, and risk-based routing. Limitations include the lack of primary empirical validation in this paper and the rapid evolution of telematics and machine-learning applications that require ongoing empirical scrutiny (Chowdhury, 2025; GS1, 2022).

Conclusions: A layered implementation that combines validated monitoring systems, active cold chain technologies, rigorous qualification, and intelligent logistics planning is necessary to protect product integrity, reduce waste, and comply with regulatory expectations. This integrative perspective supports practitioners and policymakers seeking resilient, cost-sensitive, and compliant cold chain strategies.

Cold chain integrity, pharmaceutical logistics, temperature monitoring, active reefer systems, regulatory compliance

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