Open Access
Prevalence and Pattern of Sex Enhancement Drug Use Among Adult Males in Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Favour Nkami Eyong
1
,
Ologun Toluwanimi Oreoluwa
1
,
Emilia Nwamaka Nwaojei
1
,
Emmanuella Ojoagefu Onoja
1
,
Esther Arikpo Kedeayei
1
,
Lawal Folabomi Funmilola
1
,
Ebere Favour Chigushime
1
,
Christabel Osazele Aguinede
1
,
Charles Chinedum Onyeagbako
1
,
Ojo Bolorunduro Joseph
1
,
Shaba Oluwatosin
1
,
Chioma Precious Unogu
1
,
Ojo Opeoluwa Joseph
1
,
Woko Goodness Nkesi
1
,
Ifeanyi Praise Onyekachi
1
,
Kennedy Oberhiri Obohwemu
1
,
Gordon Mabengban Yakpir
1
,
Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe Iyevhobu
1
,
Gabriel Olaoluwa Abayomi
1
,
Chisom Lucky Emeka
1
,
Leonard Nnamdi Meruo
1
,
Festus Ituah
1
,
Nera Perpetual Kadiri-Eneh
1
,
Jennifer Adaeze Chukwu
1
,
,
Ologun Toluwanimi Oreoluwa
1
,
Emilia Nwamaka Nwaojei
1
,
Emmanuella Ojoagefu Onoja
1
,
Esther Arikpo Kedeayei
1
,
Lawal Folabomi Funmilola
1
,
Ebere Favour Chigushime
1
,
Christabel Osazele Aguinede
1
,
Charles Chinedum Onyeagbako
1
,
Ojo Bolorunduro Joseph
1
,
Shaba Oluwatosin
1
,
Chioma Precious Unogu
1
,
Ojo Opeoluwa Joseph
1
,
Woko Goodness Nkesi
1
,
Ifeanyi Praise Onyekachi
1
,
Kennedy Oberhiri Obohwemu
1
,
Gordon Mabengban Yakpir
1
,
Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe Iyevhobu
1
,
Gabriel Olaoluwa Abayomi
1
,
Chisom Lucky Emeka
1
,
Leonard Nnamdi Meruo
1
,
Festus Ituah
1
,
Nera Perpetual Kadiri-Eneh
1
,
Jennifer Adaeze Chukwu
1
,
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS ,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS.Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,Faculty of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, GBS Partnership, Birmingham Campus, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MPH,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Health Science, Edo State University, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research and Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, GBS Partnership, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit/Health Promotion, Disease Prevention and Control Cluster, World Health Organisation Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MHPM,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dental Public Health, D’ Dentist Place Dental Clinic, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Oral Pathology, D’ Dentist Place Dental Clinic, Owerri, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,School of Health and Sports Science, Regent College, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,School of Public Health, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; and Department of Interdisciplinary Research & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
PhD,World Health Organization, United Nations House, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Multidisciplinary Studies & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
4
MBBS,Sexual Health Hertfordshire, CLCH NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; and Department of Multidisciplinary Studies & Statistics, PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Abstract
Sex enhancement drug consumption has become increasingly visible across several African settings, yet community-level prevalence data remain limited. This study examines the prevalence and pattern of sex enhancement drug use among adult males in Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed among 362 adult males aged 18–65 years selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed with SPSS version 27.0. The prevalence of lifetime use of sex enhancement drugs was 38.7%. Alcohol 26.0% and local herbal preparations 21.3% constituted the most frequently reported substances, followed by orthodox pharmaceutical agents 9.1% and nutritional supplements 5.8%. Usage was largely occasional, with 26.5% reporting use 1–2 times and 1.9% reporting daily use. Most users reported use within marital or regular partnerships 17.4%, though a proportion reported use with casual partners 13.5%, sex workers 11.9%, and women they struggled to win 5.5%. The dominant source of procurement was roadside vendors 81.4%. The findings reveal substantial community-level engagement with sex enhancement substances, characterised by informal acquisition and episodic consumption. These results highlight the need for structured sexual health engagement strategies that address patterns of non-medical performance enhancement within community settings.
Keywords
Sex enhancement drugs,
prevalence,
usage pattern,
Nigeria
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How to Cite
Eyong, F. N., Oreoluwa, O. T. ., Nwaojei, E. N. ., Onoja, E. O. ., Kedeayei, E. A. ., Funmilola, L. F. ., Chigushime, E. F. ., Aguinede, C. O. ., Onyeagbako, C. C. ., Joseph, O. B. ., Oluwatosin, S. ., Unogu, C. P., Joseph, O. O., Nkesi, W. G., Onyekachi, I. P. ., Bala, N. M., Obohwemu, K. O., Yakpir, G. M. ., Iyevhobu, K. O., … Okolo, K. G. . (2026). Prevalence and Pattern of Sex Enhancement Drug Use Among Adult Males in Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(04), 01-13. https://doi.org/10.55640/gjmps/Volume05Issue04-01
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