Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that significantly affects patients' quality of life (QoL). Effective management of asthma requires more than just medication; it necessitates comprehensive patient education and counselling to ensure adherence to treatment plans and optimal disease control. This study evaluates the impact of pharmacist-led patient counselling on the quality of life in asthma patients. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, involving [insert number] asthma patients who were divided into two groups: one receiving standard care and the other receiving personalized counselling from a pharmacist. Quality of life was assessed using the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) over a period of [insert time frame]. The results demonstrated that patients who received pharmacist-led counselling showed a significant improvement in their QoL scores compared to those who received standard care. The study highlights the critical role of pharmacists in asthma management and suggests that targeted counselling can lead to better patient outcomes, including enhanced quality of life and improved disease control.

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer a non-invasive route for drug administration, providing numerous benefits such as improved patient compliance and controlled drug release. This review aims to explore the recent innovations in TDDS, highlighting advancements in technology, formulation strategies, and application areas. We discuss various innovations, including microneedle arrays, iontophoresis, and nanocarrier-based systems, which have enhanced drug permeation and therapeutic efficacy. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist, such as skin irritation, limited drug loading capacity, and variability in drug absorption. The review also addresses these challenges and presents potential solutions. Looking forward, future directions in TDDS are examined, emphasizing the integration of personalized medicine, smart drug delivery systems, and advancements in biocompatible materials. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and industry professionals aiming to advance the field of transdermal drug delivery.

Background: Liver cancer is the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world ranking third in cancer related deaths. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-80% of liver cancers. Despite a decrease in cases of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) in recent years, it is predicted that HCC will continue to increase primarily due to the burden imposed by other risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Financial data regarding the cost burden of a disease on a reimbursement agency is crucial for predicting the impact of disease trends in the future.

Aim: This study aim to estimate the financial burden of HCC on the Social Security Institution (SSI) of Türkiye.

Methodology: The data needed to estimate the cost of HCC was gathered through expert opinions. The Modified Delphi Method was used to reach a consensus among experts. A Healthcare Resource Utilization (HRU) form was designed and sent to experts  to be filled out independently. Twelve experts were selected through purposeful sampling (one general surgeon, one hepatologist and ten medical oncologists). The answers from the first round were consolidated as averages, and a consensus document was prepared. This document was then discussed in a face-to-face meeting with the experts, and the consensus-building process was finalized. The costs were estimated by using the rules and reimbursement prices of the SSI.

Results: The annual cost per patient for unresectable HCC was estimated as 1,056,396 TRY (US$32,937) for the first line treatment and 495,342TRY (US$15,144) for the second line treatment. The annual cost per patient for resectable HCC was estimated as 18,614TRY (US$580). The total cost of HCC to the SSI was estimated as 2,178,840,160 TRY (US$67,933,569) for unresectable cases and 37,082,609TRY (US$1,156,190) for resectable cases. This accounted for 0.4% of total SSI expenditures.

Conclusion: Increasing risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and NAFLD in Türkiye may result in an increase in HCC cases. Our findings indicate the need to consider the potential burden of HCC on the SSI budget in the future.