Open Access
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF URINARY IODINE AND THYROID HORMONE SENSITIVITY ON PREGNANCY HEALTH
4
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Abstract
Pregnancy induces significant physiological changes in the endocrine system, including alterations in thyroid function and iodine metabolism. Central sensitivity to thyroid hormones (TH) and urinary iodine levels are two essential factors that influence maternal and fetal health. This study explores the relationship between central sensitivity to thyroid hormones and changes in urinary iodine during pregnancy. We examine how these factors are interconnected, considering the unique metabolic demands during pregnancy and the potential effects on maternal and fetal thyroid health. We find that while both thyroid hormone sensitivity and urinary iodine levels fluctuate throughout pregnancy, their interplay can significantly affect pregnancy outcomes, particularly in iodine-deficient populations.
Keywords
Thyroid hormones,
Pregnancy,
Iodine deficiency
References
Bianco, A.C.; Salvatore, D.; Gereben, B.; Berry, M.J.; Larsen, P.R. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr. Rev. 2002, 23, 38–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Glinoer, D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: Pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr. Rev. 1997, 18, 404–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Koukkou, E.; Kravaritis, S.; Mamali, I.; Markantes, G.G.; Michalaki, M.; Adonakis, G.G.; Georgopoulos, N.A.; Markou, K.B. No increase in renal iodine excretion during pregnancy: A telling comparison between pregnant women and their spouses. Hormones 2014, 13, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Croce, L.; Chiovato, L.; Tonacchera, M.; Petrosino, E.; Tanda, M.L.; Moleti, M.; Magri, F.; Olivieri, A.; Pearce, E.N.; Rotondi, M. Iodine status and supplementation in pregnancy: An overview of the evidence provided by meta-analyses. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2023, 24, 241–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chandra, M.; Paray, A.A. Natural Physiological Changes during Pregnancy. Yale J. Biol. Med. 2024, 97, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Zuñiga, L.F.F.; Muñoz, Y.S.; Pustovrh, M.C. Thyroid hormones: Metabolism and transportation in the fetoplacental unit. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2022, 89, 526–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Geno, K.A.; Nerenz, R.D. Evaluating thyroid function in pregnant women. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2022, 59, 460–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Laclaustra, M.; Moreno-Franco, B.; Lou-Bonafonte, J.M.; Mateo-Gallego, R.; Casasnovas, J.A.; Guallar-Castillon, P.; Cenarro, A.; Civeira, F. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones Is Associated with Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Care 2019, 42, 303–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sun, H.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, G. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity modifies the association between first-trimester thyroid hormone sensitivity and gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A retrospective study from Northern China. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2023, 15, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zhao, X.; Sun, J.; Yuan, N.; Zhang, X. Relationship between the Central and Peripheral Thyroid Sensitivity Indices and Fetal Macrosomia: A Cohort Study of Euthyroid Pregnant Women in China. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Li, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, S.-J.; Li, G.; Xiang, Y.T.; Zhang, W.-Z.; Pan, W.-J.; Chen, W.-Q.; Hao, Y.-T.; Ling, W.-H.; et al. Higher maternal thyroid resistance indices were associated with increased neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone—Analyses based on the Huizhou mother-infant cohort. Front. Endocrinol. 2022, 13, 937430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yuan, S.; Liu, C.; Liu, Z.; Wang, J.; Xu, Y.; Shi, J. Correlation between thyroid function indices and urine iodine levels in patients with nodular goiter. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2023, 15, 4147–4154. [Google Scholar]
Pearce, E.N.; Caldwell, K.L. Urinary iodine, thyroid function, and thyroglobulin as biomarkers of iodine status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 104 (Suppl. S3), 898S–901S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Koukkou, E.G.; Ilias, I.; Mamalis, I.; Markou, K.B. Pregnant Greek Women May Have a Higher Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency than the General Greek Population. Eur. Thyroid. J. 2017, 6, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dunn, J.T.; Crutchfield, H.E.; Gutekunst, R.; Dunn, A.D. Two simple methods for measuring iodine in urine. Thyroid 1993, 3, 119–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tukey, J.W. Exploratory Data Analysis; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading, MA, USA, 1977; pp. 43–49. [Google Scholar]
Kyrilli, A.; Unuane, D.; Poppe, K.G. Thyroid autoimmunity and pregnancy in euthyroid women. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023, 37, 101632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Di Bonito, P.; Corica, D.; Marzuillo, P.; Di Sessa, A.; Licenziati, M.R.; Faienza, M.F.; Calcaterra, V.; Franco, F.; Maltoni, G.; Valerio, G.; et al. Sensitivity to thyroid hormones and reduced glomerular filtration in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 2023, 97, 383–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Liu, X.; Li, Y.; Chai, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, H. Thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters are associated with increased urinary albumin excretion in euthyroid individuals over 60 years old from NHANES. Front. Endocrinol. 2024, 14, 1285249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shi, C.; Liu, X.; Du, Z.; Tian, L. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones is Associated with the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Euthyroid Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2024, 17, 611–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yang, W.; Jin, C.; Wang, H.; Lai, Y.; Li, J.; Shan, Z. Subclinical hypothyroidism increases insulin resistance in normoglycemic people. Front. Endocrinol. 2023, 14, 1106968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Alonso, S.P.; Valdés, S.; Maldonado-Araque, C.; Lago, A.; Ocon, P.; Calle, A.; Castaño, L.; Delgado, E.; Menéndez, E.; Franch-Nadal, J.; et al. Thyroid hormone resistance index and mortality in euthyroid subjects: Di@bet.es study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2022, 186, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
How to Cite
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF URINARY IODINE AND THYROID HORMONE SENSITIVITY ON PREGNANCY HEALTH. (2025). Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(03), 1-7. https://www.grpublishing.org/journals/index.php/gjmps/article/view/162
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Amhara Berhanu, EVALUATING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS' ATTITUDES AND KNOWLEDGE ON PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICES AT ADAMA HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, EAST SHOA, ETHIOPIA , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 06 (2024): Volume 03 Issue 06
- Garima Joshi, PRECISION PROTEIN NANOTHERAPY: TARGETING GLIOBLASTOMAS WITH ADVANCED TREATMENT STRATEGIES , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 04 (2024): Volume 03 Issue 04
- Adnan Siddiq, MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE HIP JOINT IN THE KASHMIR VALLEY: A CT-BASED ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 01
- Dr. Jorvin S. Halstrom, Scalable Vulnerability Management in the Internet of Medical Things: An AI-Driven Automated Framework for Threat Mitigation in High-Asset Environments , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 11 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 11
- Roshni Divvied, FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MORTALITY AMONG PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 02 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 02
- Leena Patidar, EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF PHARMACIST-LED PATIENT COUNSELLING ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN ASTHMA PATIENTS , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 09 (2024): Volume 03 Issue 09
- Dr. Jacob N. Thompson, Dr. Fatima Al-Mansouri, Alloreactive Cellular Strategies for Targeted Leukemia Immunotherapy Via Transient Donor Cell Engagement , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 05 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 05
- Dr. David M. Larsen, Prof. Chiara Benedetti, Perioperative Anesthetic Approaches and Risk Management in Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 07 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 07
- Mahmoud Arafa, REVOLUTIONIZING ALVEOLAR CLEFT REPAIR: AUTOGENOUS BONE MARROW-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 06 (2023): Volume 02 Issue 06
- Lastri Batawi, THE ROLE OF TOMATO AND STRAWBERRY JUICES IN ENHANCING HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY’S THIRD TRIMESTER , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 12 (2024): Volume 03 Issue 12
Similar Articles
- Ramadevi Pichandi, Suresh Reddy, EXPLORING HYPOTHYROID GOITRE DUE TO EXCESS IODINE AMONG SOUTH INDIANS , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 12 (2023): Volume 02 Issue 12
- Dr. Lina R. Haddad, Dr. Yasmin A. El-Zein, Thyroid Dysfunction in Pediatric Celiac Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Screening , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 08 (2025): Volume 04 Issue 08
- Raman Singh, EXAMINING PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AFTER EXTERNAL CEPHALIC VERSION FOR BREECH PRESENTATION , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 11 (2023): Volume 02 Issue 11
- Lastri Batawi, THE ROLE OF TOMATO AND STRAWBERRY JUICES IN ENHANCING HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY’S THIRD TRIMESTER , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 12 (2024): Volume 03 Issue 12
- Sana Ansari, Zineb Hassan, UNVEILING FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA: A CASE OF EXTENSIVE CHEST WALL METASTASIS , Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): Volume 02 Issue 01
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.